Viagra has become one of the touchstones of the whole pharmaceutical industry.
While magic blue pill is a proven method to treat erectile dysfunction in men, the debates are still hot as to is it legitimate to purchasing the blue pill after browsing your explorer and bumping to the lucrative Viagra advertisement.
There is indeed a chance that if you buy a blue pill of Viagra from un-reputable source, the magic pill can turn out to be placebo. It is really hard to tell apart the real pill vs the counterfeited pill when simply looking at it.
Dr. Carl Shubert, one of the experts on the matter recommends approaching healing erectile dysfunction with a help of online pharmacies with caution: “Generics per se are perfectly safe as they essentially use the same active component formula as branded pills use. While my colleagues would not recommend generics in the USA, it is perfectly allright to get a prescription elsewhere, in Canada or Australia.”
Then a patient is left with his own devices. One can opt to save money and go online looking for a great deal, or one can safely pay a higher price and be sure he is ok.
The recommendation is to explore the promotional webservice thoroughly. The good indicators of a real stuff- selling website would include the licensing certificate, a team of professional medical specialists available at hand, and a thorough information on where the particular product is coming from.
In Canada, plenty of pharmacies offering catalogs that include a vast choice of erectile dysfunction treatments are perfectly safe. Canada is the country with a very flexible patent procedures and licensing procedures. While there are those who would try to abuse and deliver counterfeited pharmaceutical products, the majority of players on the market among Canadian pharmacies are perfectly legitimate.
When we are talking about Canadian pharmacies (such as My Canadian Pharmacy), all the medications offered via mail-order procedure, are going through a number of essential steps before they are delivered to a customer.
Canadian Pharmacy takes responsibility in establishing a reliable manufacturer/ supplier of generic product, be it Viagra, or any other product that is currently popular among customers.
The real and proven manufacturers from India would guarantee that their pills are genuine and work according to standards known in the industry. When the manufacturer has a good reputation with a good numbers of supplied authentic meds, then Canadian Pharmacy throws these in its catalogs.
At this point a customer can be sure that what he is buying is not harmful to him. After that it is highly recommended to consult a medical adviser available at online pharmacy as far as what exactly the dosage that is needed to treat a particular case of erectile dysfunction.
It is recommended not to purchase a large amount of Viagra online sight unseen and untried, as it might turn out that is not the best option for you.
Erectile dysfunction comes in all shapes and colors, and can be accompanied by premature ejaculation, diabetes, etc. It can even be the case of impotence. It is worth noting here, that a lot of cases with erectile dysfunction should be treated using the complex psychological therapy. That is to say, no Viagra pill can bring an erection back if there is no desire to have an erection in the patient. It can be caused by a variety of psycho-social conditions, such as sever fatigue, anxiety disorder, social phobia, or troubles with a particular partner.
When a patient is addressing a doctor with his particular erectile dysfunction case and opens up his medical history, a doctor can come up with a totally different treatment that the patient had expected. That is, a magic pill does not necessarily bring erection magically. Sometimes there is an anti-anxiety treatment that would be recommended first, or the combination of psychological aids and Viagra.
Another recommendation is to try the smaller dosages and the smaller amounts of Viagra. It is well-known that Viagra sometimes does not work at the first try. It concerns not only generic Viagra, but all Viagra pills available. An active component, sildenafil citrate sometimes takes time to adopt in the systems of a patient. It usually works in any case from the second or third pill consumed.
Complete failures happen, but they are extremely rare. At Canadian Pharmacy, as well as at other reputable suppliers, there is a 100 percent guarantee combined with money back policy if the pill does not work at all, given a patient disclosed his medical history fully and completely, and there is a desire to have sex in a patient.
While this could sound improbable for you, Canadian single payer plans can in fact include Viagra. There are plenty of companies that offer individual insurance plans on the Canadian market, each with its own diverse deals.
The trick is to convince your insurance provider that erectile dysfunction you are suffering from, can cause harm to your health. This can be reached with a help of a good urologist. Any professional urologist knows how and why erectile dysfunction can be actually dangerous, and can come up with a solution to persuade your provider as to necessity of coverage of ED treatment for you.
Viagra affects not only the functioning of an erection, but also a climax of a sexual intercourse, the ejaculation. The rush of the blood flow into the genital area causes all muscles in the area behave differently. That affects the whole cycle of processes in the sexual functioning, including the ejaculation. Some types of generic Viagra can help to prevent immature ejaculation.
Some of the treatments for erectile dysfunction can be administered regardless the time of the last meal were taken. It is not the case with generic Viagra, which is a pill very sensitive to the meals, especially those rich in fats. Fats can slow down the absorption process of the component in the blood. It is recommended Viagra to be taken on an empty stomach.
The effects of generic Viagra are observed even after an orgasm is reached. The penis can remain hard, after the first orgasm reached. It is not permanent though, as after any orgasm the blood flow is streaming out of the penis, and the erection gradually fades.
March 27 is a great day for men all over the world. On this day, in the year of 1998, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Viagra, forever changing the conversation about men’s sexual health and the use of stimulants in the bedroom. This drug, fondly referred to as “the little blue pill” was an instant hit because it solved a health problem that had no good treatment options and thus impacted the lives of millions of men as well as their partners. Today, Viagra remains as popular as ever, but it has become much more diverse in its form, quality, and methods of acquirement. At our website, you can learn everything there is to know about this drug and get the greatest offers on this product, without the need to risk your financial security or sacrifice a large portion of your budget.
When we look at a game-changing drug like Viagra, we naturally want to know how such a breakthrough was achieved. You can find plenty of fascinating stories for various inventions, just as you can find many with a standard pattern of hypothesizing, researching, developing, testing, and releasing. Interestingly, Viagra does not follow this formula and has an unusual story. Even though this drug is often associated with America, Viagra was invented by a team of researchers in England. These men, whose names include Nicholas Terrett, Andrew Bell, and David Brown, were employed at the Pfizer pharmaceutical company, and were working on a medication based on a compound named Sildenafil. They were hoping to come up with an effective treatment for high blood pressure and angina pectoris (chest pain associated with heart disease).
When the first version of the drug was complete, they opted for clinical trials, and the results they got were hardly what they expected. Sildenafil did not prove to be as effective in treating the aforementioned conditions as they hoped, but many of the men who took it noted that they experienced prolonged erections, and asked if they could keep remaining samples. Impressed by the potential of Sildenafil in this regard, the company decided to modify the drug and take advantage of this unexpected development. In 1996, Sildenafil was patented, and in 1998, it was approved and sold under the name of Viagra. Learn more about viagra, canadian viagra and generic viagra types at www.mycanadianpharmacyrx.com
At the time of its introduction, Viagra was the only product of its kind, but it didn’t stay this way for long. While it had a firm grasp on the market of male sexual enhancers for several years, alternative drugs like Levitra and Cialis soon appeared. It was only a matter of years before generic versions of the drug appeared as well. All of this has contributed to the situation we have today, when many men don’t know what to choose, and there is a certain distrust of generics among consumers. However, what you need to understand is that generic Viagra is not different from the product sold by Pfizer, at least not in its characteristics, indications, and terms of administration.
Generic versions of a drug can be produced if an original patent has worn out or lost its validity. This can happen under many different circumstances, and gives freedom for other drug makers to produce the same drug and sell it at a reasonable price. Naturally, low prices and lack of brand recognition on generic drugs concern the average customer, but they should understand that generics are strictly regulated by government agencies and are equal in nearly every way to original drugs. Furthermore, the benefits of generic drugs are not only limited to pricing. These products are much easier to get and often inspire new drugs modified with new or improved qualities. For example, Viagra Professional and Viagra Super Active are both stronger versions of the original drug, but they also offer faster reaction time and longer erection.
Viagra appeals to millions of men all over the world because it serves well both as a temporary sexual enhancer and a form of treatment for the problem of erectile dysfunction. While all sexually mature men have probably had difficulty attaining erection at one time or another, erectile dysfunction makes this a full-time problem. When we read accounts of this problem or see jokes about it on TV, we often fall under the impression that erectile dysfunction only affects old men, but scientific studies speak otherwise. Erectile dysfunction can affect adults of different age groups and has many different causes. For example, we know that some activities already known to be harmful to men cause ED, including smoking, excessive drinking, overeating, and taking narcotics. Sometimes, erectile dysfunction takes a long time to develop, and occurs as an effect of illnesses like diabetes, atherosclerosis, neurogenic disorders, and multiple sclerosis. There are also certain medications that include erectile dysfunction as a possible side effect. Other causes include surgery, mental disorders, psychological problems, kidney failure, hormonal disbalances, and cavernosal disorders. Viagra and its related versions tackle this problem by causing smooth muscle relaxation and improving blood flow to the penis.
Despite the fact that it has become easier than ever to get Viagra and other drugs on the internet, consumers still face an array of risks and dangers. If you do not deal with reputed and popular services like ours, you run the risk of buying products poor in quality or falling into the traps of scammers aiming to steal your money. Fortunately, you can take advantage of our service to find the best offers of Viagra and many other drugs online, as well as save your money by accepting the great deals offered. However, customers must remember that the ease and convenience of obtaining this drug should not trivialize how it is used. Drugs must be taken according to their indications and only in doses specialized by medical professionals.
Questions concerning health and medications are of top priority nowadays. More and more people are looking for the best pharmacy to purchase drugs, because American medications are, without any exaggerations, very expensive. Not everyone can afford buying various prescription drugs from a local drugstore that is why many alternative pharmacies have appeared recently. But the only problem is in their reliability and safety. Are they worth trying? And the answer will definitely be: purchase and you will never regret.
Over the last few years the pharmaceutical market has become captured by online drugstores that offer the same quality of medications with better services and at lower prices. Such a revolution made online pharmacies very popular and required among citizens of different countries, including the US. According to the social researches and poles Canadian Pharmacy is considered to be the safest, most comfortable and affordable place to buy needed medications. If your income does not allow you to buy those pricy drugs, visit Canadian drugstore and get them at a few times lower price. Despite the fact that prices in Canadian Pharmacies differ from the American ones, the quality remains the same. So, now you are able to purchase identically effective medicines at reduced prices.
There are no doubts that the very first thing customers are interested in opting for medicines is the quality of products. However, when the client is sure in the drugs he/she has chosen, he/she will take into consideration other services offered in the store. So, one of the brightest and strongest points of Canadian Pharmacy is the way of selling medications. You do not have to make a long way to the closest local drugstore anymore – the only thing you need to do is open the page of the online pharmacy, browse it and select the necessary meds online.
Afterwards you will be pleasantly impressed by the total cost of your purchase even with delivery included, because it is still cheaper than in the drugstore at the corner. Order pills online without leaving your house and get them delivered right to your doorstep. What can be more comfortable? These factors became the key for the vast majority of American citizens as they do not see any reason to buy expensive drugs in local stores anymore. Such a cheap, safe and fast way to purchase medicines online has created a real revolution on the pharmaceutical market.
All the above mentioned benefits are valuable, though they do not end up the whole list of merits Canadian Online Pharmacy offers. The next issue is actually the medications displayed in the drugstore. Generic drugs are a great alternative to highly priced brand pills. You may get the same ingredients and the same composition of the medicines though without brand names at a much lower price. Canadian generic drugs are the best way out for those who constantly need treatment but have no opportunity to buy expensive American drugs.
Canadian Health and Care Mall is the platform that also guaranteed you a wide choice of drugs, so before ordering something you need to consult your doctor. Different variants of the same medications with no changes in effect are offered here. Besides, well-trained, professional and experienced staff of doctors and pharmacists will help you make the right decision. So you are free either to get a recommendation from your personal doctor or receive it online provided by the Customer Support Service. The option is available at any time of day or night. Use revolutionary Canadian medications and enjoy the great advantages they bring.
The present lifestyle is very controlled by the different technologies that are omnipresent. Although several issues that were once really difficult have turned as well straightforward and this simplification is the outcome of the advanced processes due the increasing technologies. All stated and accomplished folks are nevertheless tensed about items and in reality, the tensions have increased in comparison to that in the olden days. Folks are worried about their way of life and the specifications incorporated in it that are climbing new heights with each passing day. It is no surprise that the ailments are on a rise and there are newer researches that are getting carried out by the specialists inside typical intervals.
Due to the expanding levels of tension which is not restricted to any of the particular fields in the professional levels there are new brands of medicines coming up in the healthcare business. The limitless tension leads to significant health troubles such as insomnia, frequent headaches and in some of the advance instances it also pulls in complications such as depression that may well spoil the life of the particular person. Anxiety is the occurrence of new change that oneself has to adjust to, it is the way we reaction that creates pressure and it is not due to the difficulty. The pressures of tension could be due to either good or negative incidences, to put in the other way anxiety can also be felt due to great items that happen due to optimistic happenings in life. Frequently tension is even so related to problems and heath disorders. It can happen due to various difficulties in life and they revert with equally severe side effects.
Research have shown that there are some quite common reasons for boost of stress. These causes are such as household troubles or emotional difficulties such as wellness ailment to a close member in the household or even the sudden demise of a household member or a close peer. Other causes for tension are job loss, some legal problem, marriage responsibilities. Surveys have proved that most of the folks go via the stressed really feel due to their economic issues. Whatever, the reason may possibly be, there are strong overall health effects and the impotence dilemma top the charts among many males around the globe.
Though there are numerous medicines obtainable for receiving rid of the anxiety and its effects such as erectile dysfunction (ED) only a couple of of them prove their point of brining desired outcomes. Merchandise like Viagra and popular brands below the sexual segment of wellness industry are best advisable drugs that really help in obtaining a remedy for the impotence sufferings. It is proved that a notable quantity of men are underperformers on the bed and this is primly due to stress.
There are a wide range of generic products like the generic Viagra and Kamagra makes it possible for a vast population about the globe to use these items with their inexpensive value tags. As a result, using the generic sexual products one can now get rid of the anxiety and the intimacy disorders that are ruining the entire life pattern.
Why do people never stop searching for online medications offers? Why do so little people choose a particular supplier, crossing their fingers in anticipation of delivery? Unfortunately, the methods practiced by the contemporary business owners are narrowed to search engine manipulations. On the whole, these guys have nothing to do with real business development, as it is all about money making and ‘just business’ approaches. So is there any chance one can purchase high quality drugs online and get the desired portion of tips and recommendations? Is there any chance to be confident when ordering this or that product at online pharmacy? Fortunately, not every business represents a senseless money making machine, parasitizing on poor level of education of potential clientele in the area of pharmaceuticals ecommerce. Drop in at Canadian Health&Care for your best purchases. And here are the strong reasons to do it.
Business processes optimization – lower prices
A better price at an average one-day online pharmacy almost inevitably means a lower quality or less valuable offer, deprived of integral components (such as quick shipping or no refund program). Typically, the aspiring enterprises are too carried away by price dumping or have virtually no flexibility due to partnership programs. As a result the quality of the entire experience suffers greatly. Canadian Healthcare Pharmacy puts maximum effort into leveling this problem. Established in 2001, the company’s long-term strategy was to build and optimize the infrastructure as well as create a solid platform for future developments and innovations. Both plans have been successfully implemented and now maintained, but what does it mean for the end customers? First of all, lower prices. While other spend money on online promotion, Canadian Health Care Mall experts develop business connections with manufacturers, distributors and professionals to impact the conceptually different business levels.
Seamless experience
The scope of improvement program launched with the establishment of the business touches savvy web presence management. As a result of hard work in this field you can enjoy quick and easy shopping experience online – the process of picking up the necessary drug, placing an order and getting your package safe and sound is tuned to perfection. Every stage of purchasing is well thought-out and perfectly organized: get in touch with the customer care team for the necessary recommendations on this or that drug, choose from a bunch of popular payment methods, contact the agent for updates on delivery status and touch base with customer service to share your feedback or make a proposition.
Shopping at proven and reliable platforms reduces the risk of counterfeit products, failed delivery and fraudful transactions. Given the accessibility of instruments for illegal actions, why choose the grey dealers? Make a choice in favour of a solid company and enjoy the best experience.
The diagnostic of sterility is based in the following laboratory explorations:
The treatment of the sterility of excretory origin:
Dr. Price observed in great detail what these people ate and found that each group of people had diets distinct from the other. The Swiss mountain villagers subsisted primarily on unpasteurized and cultured dairy products, especially butter, cheese, whey and yogurt. Rye was an integral part of their diet. They occasionally ate beef from their aging cows. Bone broths, vegetables and berries were commonly consumed. Due to the high altitude, they ate what few vegetables they could grow in the short summer months, fermenting any surplus for winter consumption. The main foods, however, were cheese, butter and rye bread.
Gaelic folks of the Outer Hebrides ate no dairy products, but primarily codfish and other seafood, especially shellfish. Due to low soil fertility, their only grain was oat but it was a major part of the diet. An important dish for growing children and expectant mothers was the head of a cod stuffed with oats and mashed fish liver. Fruits and vegetables grew sparsely.
The Inuit (Eskimo) ate a diet of almost 100% animal products with hefty amounts of fish, walrus, seal and other marine mammals, usually fermented. The blubber (fat) was consumed with homemade relish. They buried their meat and allowed it to slightly putrefy, creating a very nutritious “high meat.” They consumed some portions of sea animals raw. (The word “eskimo” translates as “to eat it raw.”) The Inuit gathered nuts, berries and some grasses during the short summer months, but those represented a small portion of their diet. They also ate partially digested grasses by cutting open caribou stomachs and intestines, which provided beneficial probiotic bacteria and premanufactured Vitamin K and other nutrients.
The Maori of New Zealand, along with other south sea islanders, consumed all sorts of seafood including fish, shark, octopus, sea worms and shellfish. They also consumed fatty pork and a wide variety of vegetables and fruits, including entire coconuts.
African cattle-keeping tribes like the Masai consumed mainly beef, raw milk, organ meats, blood (mainly during times of drought) and virtually no plant foods at all. The Dinkas of the Sudan, whom Dr. Price claimed were the healthiest of all the African tribes he studied, ate a combination of fermented whole grains with fish, along with smaller amounts of red meat, vegetables and fruit. The Bantu tribe (the least hardy of the African tribes studied, yet with no cases of disease or chronic illness) were primarily agriculturists eating mostly beans, squash, corn, millet, vegetables and fruits, with small amounts of milk and meat.
All of these peoples except the Inuit consumed insects — ants, ant eggs, bees, wasps, dragonflies, beetles, crickets, cicadas, moths, termites — and their larvae, especially in more tropical areas. They found that consuming wood eating insects, referred to as grubs, could restore the vitality of platelets and the blood.
Meat has introduced such poisons in your organism that today it is a unity of impurities. If you had a normal sense of smell, you would stay far from each other – the smell of those, who eat meat, is so bad. When somebody tells me that he is ailing, the first condition for improvement of his health is to change the food he eats. “What shall we eat then?” The answer is – fruits.
What will one gain if he eats? Will he become stronger. However, if he eats vegetable food, he will become cleaner. Carnivorous animals are stronger, more cruel, more predatory. If you are a wolf, you will eat meat. If you are a sheep, you will eat grass. The desires of the wolf are desires of the Black Lodge, and the desires of the sheep are desires of the White Lodge.
Carnivorousness is the disobedience of God’s law.
In order to understand which food is healthier, let us do the following experiment: we will put somebody on a diet – three months we will give him to eat only pork and three times a day he will drink half a liter of wine. We will put another on a fruit diet. In the course of two months he will eat exclusively fruits and drink clean hot water. We will watch both of them during the experiment and will see what their relationships with their relatives and people round them will be.
You may eat meat and cheese, but they cannot create in you a clean body, a noble mind.
One, who cannot avoid meat, cannot get rid of evil. Blood is purified through food. A full vegetarian may be the one, whose ancestors, the previous four or five generations, were vegetarians.
Pigs are the most unclean animals, and so is their meat. One thinks that together with his gut disposal all impurities are removed. Wheat is the purest food.
People die, because carnivorousness exists.
I deny meat, because I know that all crimes throughout the world are due only to it. One, who eats meat, will suffer for sure.
The extreme killing of mammals creates an anomaly in Nature. Most diseases are due to that killing, which stops their evolution, and all powers that shall create their welfare remain unused, thus forming a chaotic state, which is the reason for the various diseases. Do you know what happens after the animal blood flows out promiscuously? From the evaporation – various serums and favorable conditions for harmful germs form and from there evils in the organic world come.
No one, who eats pork or goat, may become great. John the Baptist ate honey and locusts. He was very energetic. Honey softened his character. Locusts imparted gaiety and good mood GlobalCanadianPharmacy.
You have studied fruit-eating with angels, and you have studied carnivorousness with the fallen spirits. Carnivorousness came into the world when it was broken the connection of the human soul with Cod, with Love.
The pathophysiology of chronic asthma is complex, in that it involves smooth-muscle dysfunction, acute and chronic inflammation, and structural changes within the airway, collectively termed airway remodeling. It has generally been assumed that airway inflammation is responsible for the various manifestations of asthma including shortness of breath, wheezing, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, smooth-muscle dysfunction and, ultimately, structural changes. However, inflammation is not the sole mediator of this disease. As effective as inhaled glucocorticoid therapy is, it alone is often insufficient to adequately control asthma in patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma. 4
In addition, multiple studies have shown that doubling the dose of inhaled glucocorticoid in patients inadequately controlled on inhaled glucocorticoid therapy Generic Viagra pharmacy alone fails to provide significant improvement in efficacy, while increasing the potential for systemic and adverse effects. This unresponsiveness calls into question the paradigm that airway inflammation is solely responsible for the manifestations of asthma and that glucocorticoid-independent mechanisms need to be considered. Whether this reflects our limited understanding of the pathogenesis of airway remodeling and/or a lack of effective therapies to target glucocorticoid-insensitive mechanisms remain an open issue.
The literature describing the pathology of severe, steroid-dependent childhood asthma is virtually nonexistent. This case series is among the first to combine historical and clinical features, pulmonary physiology, and endobronchial biopsy results in a group of children with severe steroid-dependent asthma. All of the subjects studied had a long, if not lifelong Cialis in Canada history of severe, persistent, high-risk asthma refractory to aggressive management that included long-term oral and high-dose inhaled glucocorticoid therapy.
A majority of these patients had been intubated at least once due to severe asthma exacerbations. In every case, the endobronchial biopsies revealed significant changes to the structure of the airways, with little to no airway inflammation present. These findings suggest that noninflam-matory-mediated mechanisms may contribute to severe asthma in children.
No animal died of airway complications during the period of study. Intermittent stridor was noted at times of agitation in two rabbits; bronchoscopy of these animals showed a moderate amount of airway secretion. The activity and appetite of all animals were normal. Obvious weight gain was noted during the period of study. Bronchoscopic pictures revealed excellent lumen patency, with only minimal airway secretions in most of the animals. We did not observe stent fragmentation in any of the animals. Furthermore, no evidence of fac-ture at the surfaces or at the welded spots was noted for the biodegradable stents.
The in vivo release characteristics of the biodegradable drug-eluting stents Viagra Online. The cisplatin levels in the stented trachea were measurable from the first week and stably maintained at high levels until the end of the observation period (5 weeks). Similar trends were observed in the trachea segment near the stent and over the right upper lung parenchyma. In contrast, the serum levels of cisplatin were low throughout the experiment.
The trachea with stent in place. Grossly, the stented area showed mild edematous change with mucosa congestion. Microscopically, there were marked mononuclear cell infiltrates of various proportions of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils in the submucosa of the stented area 1 week after implantation. The cilia of the epithelium were preserved. Similar findings were noted at weeks 3 and 5.
SEMSs have been of great value in palliation of malignant airway obstruction but are also notorious for various troublesome complications. This is partly due to the embedded nature of the stent but is also related to the lack of effective locoregional therapy for endobronchial lesions. Given the promising results from several EITC studies, we believe that a biodegradable stent that exerts strong stenting force and sustainable drug-eluting characteristics would be an ideal combination. In the current study, we successfully demonstrated that the biodegradable PCL stents have mechanical strength comparable to the strength of SEMSs, with minimal tissue reaction. Furthermore, for the first time, to our knowledge, through the combined use of PLGA materials and the spray coating technique, a controlled amount of cisplatin could be released locally over a few weeks with minimal systemic concentration.
It is unknown if the radiographic fibrosis score predicts mortality in persistent hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and if survival is similar to that observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) when adjusting for the extent of radiographic fibrosis.
We reviewed records from 177 patients with HP and 224 patients with IPF whose diagnoses were established by multidisciplinary consensus. Two thoracic radiologists scored high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan lung images. Independent predictors of transplant-free survival were determined using a Cox proportional hazards analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed, stratified by disease Viagra 100mg pills as well as fibrosis score.
HRCT scan fibrosis score and radiographic reticulation independently predicted time to death or lung transplantation. Clinical predictors included a history of cigarette smoking, auscultatory crackles on lung examination, baseline FVC, and FEV1/FVC ratio. The majority of HP deaths occurred in patients with both radiographic reticulation and auscultatory crackles on examination, compared with patients with only one of these manifestations (P < .0001). Patients with IPF had worse survival than those with HP at any given degree of radiographic fibrosis (hazard ratio 2.31; P < .01).
Survival in patients with HP was superior to that of those with IPF with similar degrees of radiographic fibrosis. The combination of auscultatory crackles and radiographic reticulation identified patients with HP who had a particularly poor outcome.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a diffuse parenchymal lung disease characterized by an immunologic reaction to an inhaled organic antigen. Patients with HP, especially those with acute manifestations, generally have a favorable outcome, particularly when the causative antigen is identified and removed. However, patients may alternatively develop a chronic form of disease that can be characterized by the presence of fibrosis on histopathologic or radiographic evaluation. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics show that age-adjusted mortality rates from HP have increased significantly (P < .0001) from 0.09 to 0.29 per million between 1980 and 2002 in US adults. Both radiographic and pathologic fibrosis are associated with an increase in all-cause mortality in HP, but it is unclear if these are independent risk factors when adjusting for other clinical and physiologic predictors.